Plus two focus area based topic lists are given below.This topics are published by SCERT Kerala,for plus two students.Students must note that,due to covid pandemic,topics are reduced,but may be ask any of the topic of textbook
Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for ENGLISH
| chapter | Focus Area |
|---|---|
| 1 | The 3Ls of Empowerment (Speech) |
| 2 | Matchbox (Story) |
| 3 | Any Woman (Poem) |
| 4 | Horegallu (Anecdote) |
| 5 | The Hour of Truth (One-act Play) |
| 6 | A Three Wheeled Revolution (Interview) |
| 7 | Rice (Poem) |
Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for MALAYALAM
Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas HINDI
Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas MATHS (Science & Commerce)
| Lesson | Focus area |
| RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS |
1.3 Types of Functions 1.4 Composition of Functions and Invertible Function |
| INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS | 2.3 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions |
| MATRICES | 3.2 Matrix 3.3 Types of Matrices 3.4 Operations on Matrices 3.5 Transpose of a Matrix 3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices |
| DETERMINANTS | 4.2 Determinant 4.5 Minors and Cofactors 4.6 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix 4.7 Applications of Determinants and Matrices |
| CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY |
5.2 Continuity 5.3 Differentiability 5.8 Mean Value Theorem |
| APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES |
6.2 Rate of Change of Quantities 6.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 6.4 Tangents and Normals |
| INTEGRALS | 7.3.1 integration by substitution 7.4 Integrals of Some Particular Functions 7.9 Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution |
| APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS |
8.2 Area under Simple Curves |
| DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS |
9.2 Basic Concepts 9.5.1 Differential equations with variables separable |
| VECTOR ALGEBRA | 10.4 Addition of Vectors 10.5 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar 10.6 Product of Two Vectors |
| THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY |
11.3 Equation of a Line in Space 11.5.1 Distance between skew lines 11.6.2 Equation of a plane perpendicular to a given vector and passing through a given point 11.6.3 Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points |
| LINEAR PROGRAMMING |
12.2.2 Graphical method of solving linear programming problems |
| PROBABILITY | 13.2 Conditional Probability 13.4 independent Events |
Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas PHYSICS
| chapter | focus area |
|---|---|
| ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD5 | 1.2 ELECTRIC CHARGE 1.6 COULOMB’SLAW 1.8 ELECTRIC FIELD 1.9 ELECTRIC FIELD LINES 1.10 ELECTRIC FLUX 1.11 ELECTRIC DIPOLE 1.14 GAUSS’SLAW 1.15 APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS’ S LAW |
| ELECTR OSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE | 2.2 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL 2.3 POTENTIAL DUE TO A POINT CHARGE 2.11 CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE 2.12 THE PARALLEL P LATE CAPACITOR 2.14 COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS 2.15 ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR |
| CURRENT ELECTRICITY | 3.4 OHM ‘S LAW 3.9 ELECTRICAL ENERGY, POWER 3.10 COMBINATION OF RESISTORS-SERIES AND PARALLEL 3.11 CELLS, EMF, INTERNAL RESISTANCE 3.13 KIRCHHOFF’S RULES 3.14 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 3.15 METER BRIDGE 3.16 POTENTIOMETER |
| MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM | 4.2 MAGNETIC FORCE 4.5 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT ELEMENT, BIOT -SAVART LAW 4.6 MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE AXIS OF A CIRCULAR CURRENT LOOP 4.7 AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW 4.8 THE SOLENOID AND THE TOROID |
| MAGNETISM AND MATTER | 5.3 MAGNETISM AND GAUSS’S LAW 5.4 THE EARTH’S MAGNETISM 5.5 MAGNETISATION AND MAGNETIC INTENSITY |
| ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION | 6.4 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION 6.6 MOTIONAL ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE 6.8 EDDY CURRENTS 6.10 AC GENERATOR |
| ALTERNATING CURRENT | 7.2 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A RESISTOR 7.3 REPRESENTATION OF AC CURRENT AND VOLTAGE BY ROTATING VECTORS-PHASORS 7.4 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO AN INDUCTOR 7.5 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A CAPACITOR 7.9 TRANSFORMERS |
| ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES | 8.2 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT 8.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE |
| RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS | 9.2 REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS 9.3 REFRACTION 9.5 REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL SURFACES AND BY LENSES 9.6 REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM |
| WAVE OPTICS | 10.2 HUYGENS PRINCIPLE 10.3 REFRACTION AND REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES USING HUYGENS PRINCIPLE 10.7 POLARISATION |
| DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER | 11.3 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 11.6 EINSTEIN’ S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION: ENERGY QUANTUM OF RADIATION 11.7 P ARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT: THE PHOTON |
| ATOMS | 12.4 BOHR MODEL OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM 12.6 DE BROGLIE’S EXPLANATION OF BOHR’S SECOND POSTULATE OF QUANTISATION |
| NUCLEI | 13.6 RADIOACTIVITY 13.7 NUCLEAR ENERGY |
| SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS | 14.7 APPLICATION OF JUNCTION DIODE AS A RECTIFIER 14.9 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND LOGIC GATES |
Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas CHEMISTRY
| Chapter | Focus Area |
| The solid state | 1.2 Amorphous and crystalline solids 1.4 Crystal lattices and unit cells 1.5 Number of atoms in a unit cell 1. 6 Close packed structures 1.9 Imperfections in solids 1.10 Electrical properties 1.11 Magnetic properties |
| Solutions | 2. 3. 2 Solubility of gas in liquids 4 Vapour pressure of liquid solutions 2.5 Ideal and non ideal solutions 2.6 Colligative properties and determination of molar mass |
| Electrochemistry | 3.3 Nernst equation 3. 4. 2. Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration 3.6 Batteries 3.7 Fuel cells 3.8 Corrosion |
| Chemical kinetics | 4. 2 Factors influencing rate of a reaction 4.3.2 First order reactions and its half life period 4.4 Pseudo first order reaction 4.5 Temperature dependence of the rate of reaction- Arrhenius equation |
| Surface chemistry | 5.1 Adsorption 5.2 Catalysis 5.4 Classification of colloids 5.5 Emulsions |
| General principles and Process of Isolation of elements – |
6.2 Concentration of ores 6.3 Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore elements 6.4. 1 Ellingham diagram – extraction of Iron 6.5 Hall Heroult process (extraction of Al) 6. 7 Refining
|
| The P-block elements | 7.3 Ammonia 7.5 Nitric acid 7.8 Phosphorus halides 7.17 Sulfuric acid 7. 22 Inter halogen compounds 7.23 Group 18 elements- Xenon halides |
| The d-and f-block elements | 8.3 Magnetic properties, formation coloured ions, formation complexes, catalytic property 8.4 Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate 8.5.2 Atomic and ionic sizes 8.7 Some applications of d- and f-block elements |
| Coordination compounds | 9.3 Nomenclature of coordination compounds 9.4 Isomerism in coordination compounds 9.5.2 Magnetic properties of coordination compounds 9.8 Importance and applications of coordination compounds |
| Haloalkanes and haloarenes | 10.4.1 Preparation from alcohols 10.4.2 Preparation from hydrocarbons 10.6.1 Reactions of haloalkanes (Nucleophilic substitution) 10.6.2 Reactions of haloarenes (Electrophilic substitution) 10.7.2 Trichloro methane |
| Alcohols, phenols and ethers | 11.4.1 Preparation of alcohols( from alkenes, carbonyl compounds and Grignard reagent 11.4.2 Preparation of phenol (from haloarenes and diazonium salts) 11.4.4 Chemical reactions (Lucas test, dehydration, nitration of phenol. Reimer Tiemann reaction) 11.5 Commercially important alcohols- ethanol 11.6.1 Preparation of ethers-Williamson synthesis 11.6.3 Chemical reactions (Friedel Crafts reaction) |
| Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids | 12.2 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones ( By oxidation of alcohols, by deHydrogenation of alcohols, Rosenmund reduction, Etard reaction, Gatterman-Koch reaction, Friedel Craft’s reaction) 12.4 Chemical reactions (Reduction, Oxidation, Aldol reaction, Cannizzaro reaction) 12.7 Preparation of Carboxylic acid (from aldehydes and ketones, from alkyl benzene) 12.9 Chemical reactions (acidity, reaction with ammonia, Kolbe electrolysis, Hell-Volhard Zelinsky reaction. Ring substitution) |
| Amines | 13.4 Preparation of amines (Reduction of nitriles, amides, Hoffmann Bromamide reaction) 13.6 Chemical reactions ( carbylamine reaction, Ilinsbergtest. Electrophilic substitution) 13.9 Chemical reactions of diazonium salts- sandmaeyer reaction, coupling reaction |
| Biomolecules | 14.1.1 Classification of carbohydrates 14.1.2 Monosaccharides (Preparation of glucose from sucrose) 14.1.3 Disaccharides (glycosidic linkage, invert sugar) 14.1.4 Starch, glycogen 14.2.4 Denaturation of protein 14.5.1 Chemical composition of nucleic acids |
| Polymers | 15.1 Classification of polymers Addition and condensation polymers ( Teflon, Nylon6,6, Nylon 6, PVC, polystyrene, Polyethene) 15.2.4 Rubber ( Natural rubber, vulcanisation) 15.4 Biodegradable polymers |
| Chemistry in Everyday life | 16.3.1 Antacid 16.3.3 Neurologically active drugs 16.3.4 Anti microbials( antiseptics, disinfectants) |
Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas ZOOLOGY
| Chapter | Focus Area |
| Human reproduction | 3.1 Male reproductive system (Location of testes & its significance ; Cells lining Seminiferous tubules & their function;Duct System) 3.2 The female reproductive system (Oviduct, Uterus, Significance of Hymen) 3.3 Gainetogenesis (Spermatogenesis ,Oogenesis,Role of Hormones -FSH & LH in Spermatogenesis; Structure of Sperm ) 3.4 Menstrual cycle (Hormones involved) 3.5 Fertilization and implantation (Site of fertilization; Morula; Structure of Blastocyst) 3.6 Pregnancy and embryonic development (Placenta, hCG, hPL, Relaxin ) 3.7 Parturition & Lactation (Colostrum) |
| Reproductive health | 4.1 Reproductive health problems and strategies (Amniocentesis) 4.2 Population explosion and birth control (IMR, MMR; Birth Control Measures – Natural, Barrier, IUD’s, Oral Contraceptives, Surgical methods.) 4.3 Medical Termination of Pregnancy (What is MTPjWhy MTP) 4.4 Sexually transmitted diseases (Examples of STD; Measures to avoid STD’s) 4.5 Infertility(Assisted Reproductive Technologies in detail) |
| Principles of inheritance and variation | 5.1 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance(TabIe 5.1 Contrasting Traits studied by Mendel in Pea 5.2 Inheritance of one gene (Allele,Genotype, Phenotype) 5.2.2.1 Incomplete dominance (Definition,Ratio & Cross only) 5.2.2.2 Co-dominance (Blood Grouping in Fable 5.3) 5.3.2 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance (Reasons for selecting Drosophila as the experimental material by Morgan) 5.4.1 Sex determination in Humans 5.6.1 Pedigree analysis 5.6.2 Mendelian disorders (Sickle Cell Anaemia, Haemophilia) 5.6.3 Chromosomal disorders (Down’s Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome) |
| Molecular basis of inheritance | 6.1.1 Structure of polynucleotide chain (Salient Features of Double Helix structure of DNA; Central Dogma) 6.1.2 Packaging of DNA helix – (Structure of Nucleosome – Diagram & Explanation alone; Euchromatin; Heterochroniaiiu) 6.2 The Search For Genetic Material (Transforming Principle) 6.2.1 The Genetic Material is DNA (Hershev-Chase Experiment) 6.4.2 The Machinery and the Enzymes (DNA dependent DNA polymerase; Replication fork; DNA Ligase) 6.5.1 Transcription unit( Promoter, Terminator, Structural Gene) 6.5.2 Transcription unit & the Gene (Introns. Exons) 6.6 Genetic code – Salient Features 6.8.1 The Lac Operon 6.9 Human Genome Project(Expansion of HGP,BAC & YAC) 6.10 DNA fingerprinting (Steps;Application) |
| Evolution | 7.1 Origin of life (Urey-Miller experiment) 7.3 What are the evidences of evolution? (Homologous organs & Analogue organs with egs; Observation supporting natural selection – Moths in unpolluted area and polluted areas in England) 7.7 Hardy Weinberg principle (Equation; 5 factors affecting Hardy Weinberg equilibrium) 7.9 Origin and Evolution of man (Names alone in sequential order upto Homo sapiens) |
| Human health and disease |
8.1 Common diseases in humans (Typhoid, Malaria) 8.2.1 Innate Immunity ( Four tvpes of Barriers) 8.2.2 Acquired Immunity (Structure of an Antibody molecule Diagram) 8.3 AIDS (Transmission; Test for AIDS; Prevention) 8.4 Cancer(Benign tumor, Malignant Tumor, Treatment of cancer) 8.5.3 Effects of drug/alcohol abuse |
| Microbes in human welfare | 10.1 Microbes in Household Products (LAB) 10.2.3 Chemicals enzymes and other bioactive molecules 10.5 Microbes as biocontrol agents – Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichoderma |
| Biodiversity and Conservation | 15.1.2 (ii) Species- area relationship (graph and equation) 15.1.3 the importance of species diversity to the ecosystem (Rivet Popper Hypothesis) 15.1.4 Loss of biodiversity- (Causes of biodiversity losses/Evil Quartet) 15.2.2 How do we conserve biodiversity (In situ conservation, Ex situ conservation) |
Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas BOTANY
| Chapter | Focus Area |
| Reproduction in organisms | 1.1. Asexual reproduction 1.2.1. Gametogenesis 1.2.2. Fertilisation. |
| Sexual reproduction in flowering plants | 2.2.1 .Structure of microsporangium. Structure of pollengrain 2.2.2. Megasporangium-structure, megasporogcnesis, Female gametophyte 2.2.3. Pollination-Classification based on source of pollen (Autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy) and agents of pollination (wind, water and insects -peculiarities with examples) and artificial hybridisation 2.3. Double fertilisation 2.4.2. Embryo- structure 2.4.3. False fruit, True fruit and Parthenocarpic fruit |
| Strategies for enhancement in food production | 9.1.1. Dairy farm management 9.1.3. Bee keeping 9.2. Plant breeding- main steps 9.2.4. Plant breeding for improved food quality 9.3 S.C.P 9.4.Tissue culture |
| Biotechnology- Principles and processes | 11.2. Tools of recombinant DNA technology 11.2.1.Restriction enzymes, Gel electrophoresis. 11.3 . Processes of rDNA technology 11.3.3. Amplification of gene of interest using PCR, 11.3.5.Obtaining the foreign gene product |
| Biotechnology and its applications | 12.1. Biotechnological applications in agriculture-Uses of GMOs and Bt cotton 12.2.1. Genetically engineered insulin. 12.2.2. Gene therapy |
| Organisms and Populations | 13 1.3 . Adaptations -In organisms of deserts, polar regions and high altitudes 13.2.1 Population attributes- Age pyramids and population density 13.2.2. Population growth (Up to population growth equation) 13.2.4. Population interactions – Parasitism, Commensalism and Mutualism |
| Ecosystem | 14.2. Productivity 14.3. Decomposition 14.4. Energy flow -Food chain, Food web and Trophic levels 14.5. Ecological pyramids. 14.7. Nutrient cycling -Phosphorus cycle |
| Environmental issues | 16.2. Water pollution and its control,BOD, Algal bloom and Eutrophication 16.6. Greenhouse effect and global warming 16.7. Ozone depletion in the stratosphere 16.9. Deforestation |
Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Area- HISTORY
| chapter | Focus Area |
|---|---|
| Bricks, Beads and Bones | Subsistence Strategies – Mohenjodaro – A planned urban centre – Social differences – Craft production – Procuring materials – Seals, script and weights – Decline |
| Kings, Fanners and Towns | Rise of Magadha – Mauryan empire – New notions of kingship – Towns and trade – Limitations of inscriptional evidences |
| Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings | Sacrifices and debate – Buddha – Mahavira – Stupas – Mahayana Buddhism. |
| Through the Eyes of Travellers | Al-Biruni – Ibn Battuta – Francois Bernier |
| An Imperial Capital – Vijayanagara | Capital and its environs – Royal Centre – Sacred Centre |
| Rebels and the Raj | Leaders and followers – Rumours and prophecies – Images of the revolt |
| Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement | Early struggles – Non co-operation – Salt Satyagraha – Quit India |
| Kerala Towards Modernity | Early resistance – Social reform – Struggle for a Democratic Society |
Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas POLITICAL SCIENCE
| Chapters | Focus Area |
| Challenges of Nation Building | 1. Challenges for the new Nation 2. Three Challenges 3. Partition – process and consequences 4. Integration of Princely States 5. Reorganization of States |
| Era of One-PartyDominance | 1. Challenges of Building Democracy 2. Congress Dominance in the first three general elections 3. Nature of Congress Dominance 4. Congress as Social and Ideological coalition 5. Opposition Parties – Socialist Party, Communist Party of India, Swatantra Party, Bharatiya Jana Sangh |
| India’s External Relations | 1. Policy of Non Alignment – Nehru’s Role, Distance from two blocs , Afro Asian Unity 2. Peace and Conflict with China 3. Wars and Peace w with Pakistan 4. India’s Nuclear Policy |
| The Crisis of Democratic Order | 1. Background to Emergency Economic Context Gujarat and Bihar Movements Conflict with Judiciary Declaration of Emergency 2. Consequences of Emergency 3. Controversies regarding emergency – What happened during emergency? 4. Lessons of Emergency 5. Loksabha Elections 1977 – Janata Government |
| Rise of Popular Movements | 1. Chipko Movement 2. Dalit Panthers 3. Bharathia Kisan Union 4. Anti – Arrack Movement 5. Narmada Bachao Aandolan 6. Lessons of Popular Movements |
| Regional Aspirations | 1. Jammu and Kashmir 2. Punjab 3. The North East 4. Dravidian Movement 5. Lessons of Regional Aspirations |
| End of Bipolarity | 1. Soviet System 2. Why did the Soviet System disintegrate? 3. Consequences of disintegration 4. Shock Therapy – Consequences |
